Short answer: macOS has no game mode for shortcuts. Cmd ` and the menu shortcuts (Cmd Q, Cmd O) can be changed in System Settings. Cmd Tab cannot, without an app.
Below is each shortcut, what it does mid-game, and the way to stop it.
One slip of the left hand and the game closes, with the unsaved progress. Two fixes:
Quit Game Name, copied from the game's app menu), and press a different key combination such as Option Command Q. Cmd Q no longer quits that game.The menu title has to match exactly, including the game's name. This works for any game that has a normal macOS menu bar. A game that draws its own menus has nothing to rename.
In most games Cmd O is only the shortcut for the Open command in the File menu, so it does nothing until a dialog appears. If a dialog keeps popping up, use the same App Shortcuts trick: add the game, type the menu title Open... exactly as the File menu shows it, and give it another combination.
Cmd and the key above Tab cycles through the windows of the app you are in. It is a system shortcut, so it can be switched off. In System Settings choose Keyboard, then Keyboard Shortcuts, then Keyboard, and untick Move focus to next window. It is off for every app until you tick it again, which is fine for a game and annoying the rest of the day.
This is the one System Settings cannot touch. There is no switch for the app switcher in Keyboard Shortcuts, and macOS offers no per-app version. What stops it is an app that watches the keys: Still Dock's Stop Cmd Tab switching apps can be turned on everywhere or just for the games you pick, so the shortcut does nothing while they are in front. It needs the direct download of Still Dock, because the Mac App Store rules do not allow it. See how to disable Cmd Tab on a Mac.
The same two routes apply. Rename the Close menu shortcut in App Shortcuts, or let an app ask first. More in how to disable Cmd W.
No. macOS has no global switch. Each shortcut is a separate setting or has to be handled by an app.
App Shortcuts are per app, so renaming Quit for one game leaves every other app alone. Unticking Move focus to next window is global.
Delete the entry in App Shortcuts, or tick Move focus to next window again. Nothing else changes.